References

Auditor General of Canada. (2022). Systemic Barriers—Correctional Service Canada. Available: https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/parl_oag_202205_04_e.pdf.

Augustine, J (2012). Working toward fair access in the regulated professions. Canadian Diversity, 9(1), pp. 12-16.

Baldry, E., McDonnel, E., Maplestone, P., & Peeters, M. (2002). Ex-prisoners and accommodation: What bearing do different forms of housing have on social reintegration of ex-prisoners? Paper presented at the Housing, Crime and Stronger Communities Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology and the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Melbourne, 6-7 May 2002.

Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., & Neckerman, H. J. (1989). Early school dropout: configurations and determinants. Child Development, 60 (6), 1437–1452. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130933

Canadian Civil Liberties Association and Education Trust. (2014). Set Up to Fail: Bail and the Revolving Door of Pre-trial Detention.

Chang, M., Bang, H., Kim, S., & Nam-Speers, J. (2021). Do sports help students stay away from misbehavior, suspension, or dropout? Studies in Educational Evaluation, 70, 101066-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2021.101066

Clarke, J. (2011). The challenges of child welfare involvement for Afro-Caribbean families in Toronto. Children and youth services review, 33 (2), 274-283.

Coleman, T. G., & Cotton, D. (2014). TEMPO: Police interactions: A report towards improving interactions between police and people living with mental health problems. Mental Health Commission of Canada. https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/TEMPO-Police-Interactions-082014.pdf

Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario CJS, “Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario CJS.” December 1995.

Cooke, A. N., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2021) Adultification, anger bias, and adults’ different perceptions of Black and white children. Cognition and Emotion.

Correll, J., Wittenbrink, B., Park, B., Judd, C. M., and Goyle, A. (2011). Dangerous enough: moderating racial bias with contextual threat cues. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 47, 184–189. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.017

Creese, G. & Wiebe, B. (2012) ‘Survival employment’: Gender and deskilling among African immigrants in Canada. International Migration, 50 (5), pp: 56-76.

Dei, G. J. S., & Dei, G. J. S. (George J. S. (1997). Reconstructing ʻdrop-outʼ : a critical ethnography of the dynamics of Black students’ disengagement from school. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442679078

Denver, M., Siwach, G., & Bushway, S.D. (2017). A New Look at the Employment and Recidivism Relationship Through the Lens of a Criminal Background Check. Criminology, 55(1).

Deveau, L. (2021). Law enforcement agencies’ approach to de-escalation: Incorporating a social services perspective. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 6(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.182

Do, D. (2020) Canada’s Black Population: Education, Labour and Resilience. Ethnicity, Language, Immigration Thematic Series. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., and Davies, P. G. (2004). Seeing Black: race, crime, and visual processing. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 87, 876–893. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.876

Ekstrom, R. B., Goertz, M. E., Pollack, J. M., & Rock, D. A. (1986). Who Drops Out of High School and Why? Findings from a National Study. Teachers College Record (1970), 87 (3), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146818608700308

Epstein, R., Blake, J. J., & Gonzalez, T. (2017). Girlhood interrupted: The erasure of Black girls’ childhood. Georgetown Law Center.

Euvrard, E., & Leclerc, C. (2017). Pre-trial detention and guilty pleas: Inducement or coercion?, Punishment & Society, 19, (5).

Fachner, G., & Carter, S. (2015). An assessment of deadly force in the Philadelphia Police Department (collaborative reform initiative). Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.

Fallon, B., Black, T., Van Wert, M., King, B., Filippelli, J., Lee, B., & Moody, B. (2016) Child maltreatment-related service decisions by ethno-racial categories in Ontario in 2013. CWRP Information Sheet #176E. Toronto, ON: Canadian Child Welfare Research Portal.

Finlay, J., Scully, B., Eaton-Kent, M., Farrell, T-R., Dicks, P., & Salerno, J. (2019). Cross-Over Youth Project: Navigating Quicksand. Toronto, ON: Cross-Over Youth Project.

Federal-Provincial-Territorial Ministers Responsible for Justice and Public Safety (2018). Principles and Guidelines for Restorative Practice in the Criminal Matters. https://scics.ca/en/product-produit/principles-and-guidelines-for-restorative-justice-practice-in-criminal-matters-2018/

Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., Di Leone, B., A. , Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106 (4), 526-545.

Government of Ontario. (2018). The Honourable Michael H. Tulloch, Report of the Independent Street Checks Review, (Government of Ontario, 2018). Online: http://www.ontario.ca/page/report-independent-street-checks-review.

Graffam, J., Shinkfield, A., Lavelle, B., & McPherson, B. W. (2004). Variables affecting successful reintegration as perceived by offenders and professionals. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation.40 (1/2),pp:147-171.

Halberstadt, A. G., Cooke, A. N., Garner, P. W., Hughes, S. A., Oertwig, D., & Neupert, S. D. (2020). Racialized emotion recognition accuracy and anger bias of children’s faces. Emotion (Washington, D.C.)

Hannah-Moffat, K. (2001). Punishment in Disguise: Penal Governance and Canadian Women’s Imprisonment. University of Toronto Press

Hayes, M. (27 November 2023). “Nearly 20% of inmates homeless upon release from Ontario jails, data show”. The Global and Mail. Available: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-inmates-released-homeless-rates/

Hoffman, D., & Winter, H. (2022). “Follow the science: proven strategies for reducing unconscious bias.” Harvard Negotiation Law Review, 28(1), 1-64

James C. E., & Turner, T. (2017) Towards race equity in education: The schooling of Black students in the Greater Toronto Area. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: York University

James, L. (2018). The Stability of Implicit Racial Bias in Police Officers. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611117732974

John Howard Society Ontario. “The Invisible Burden” (21 Feburary 2019), online. John Howard ON. Available: https://policerecordhub.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Invisible-Burden-Report-FINAL.pdf

John Howard Society Ontario. (January 2021). “Broken Record: The Continued Criminalization of Mental Health Issues”. Available: https://johnhoward.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Broken-Record.pdf

Jordan, W. J. (1994). Exploring the Complexity of Early Dropout Causal Structures.

Kellough, G., & Wortley, S. (2002). Remand for plea: Bail decisions and plea bargaining as commensurate decisions. British Journal of Criminology, 42 (1), pp. 186-210.

Lamanna, D., Kirst, M., Shapiro, G., Matheson, F., Nakhost, A., & Stergiopoulos. (2015). Toronto Mobile Crisis Intervention Team (MCIT): Outcome evaluation report.

Lavergne, C., Dufour, S., Sarmiento, J., & Descôteaux, M.È. (2009). La réponse du système de protection de la jeunesse montréalais aux enfants issus des minorités visibles. Intervention, 131: 233–241.

Leuprecht, Dr. C. (24 July 2020), “Submission RE: SECU hearings on Systemic Racism in Policing in Canada.”

Lewis, S., Vennard, J., Maguire, M., Raynor, P., Vanstone, M., Raybould, S., & Rix, A. (2003). Resettlement of Short-Term Prisoners: An Evaluation of Seven Pathfinders (PDF Version). London, UK: Research, Development, and Statistics Directorate, Home Office.

Ng, E.S, & Gagnon, S. (2020). Employment Gaps and Underemployment for Racialized Groups and Immigrant: Current Findings and Future Directions. Skills Next Report.

Nicholson, K. & Marcoux, J. (2000). “Most Canadians killed in police encounters since 2000 had mental health or substance abuse issues”. CBC News.

Nnorom, O., Findlay, N., Lee-Foon, N.K., Jain, A.A., Ziegler, C.P,, Scott, F.E., Rodney, P., & Lofters, A.K. (2019). Dying to Learn: A Scoping Review of Breast and Cervical Cancer Studies Focusing on Black Canadian Women. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved;30 (4):1331.

Novac, S.,Hermer, J., Paradis, E., & Kellen, E. (2007). A revolving door? Homeless people and the justice system in Toronto. Research Bulletin #36. Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto.

Office of the Correctional Investigator. (2022). Officer of the Correctional Investigator Annual Report 2021-2022. https://oci-bec.gc.ca/en/content/office-correctional-investigator-annual-report-2021-2022#s7

Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2018). A Collective impact: Interim Report on the Inquiry into Racial Profiling and Racial Discrimination of Black Persons by the Toronto Police Service. Available: https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/public-interest-inquiry-racial-profiling-and-discrimination-toronto-police-service/collective-impact-interim-report-inquiry-racial-profiling-and-racial-discrimination-Black

Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2018). Interrupted Childhoods: over-representation of Indigenous and Black youth in Ontario Child Welfare. Toronto: Government of Ontario. Available: https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/interrupted-childhoods

Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2020). A Disparate Impact: Second interim report on the inquiry into racial profiling and racial discrimination of Black persons by the Toronto Police Service. Available: https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/disparate-impact-second-interim-report-inquiry-racial-profiling-and-racial-discrimination-Black

Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2021). Framework for change to address systemic racism in policing (2021), Online: http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/framework-change-address-systemic-racism-policing.

Ontario Ombudsman (2016). A matter  of life and death. https://www.ombudsman.on.ca/resources/reports,-cases-and-submissions/reports-on-investigations/2016/a-matter-of-life-and-death

Owusu-Bempah, A., & Jeffers, S. (2022). An Exploration of the Challenges Facing Black Youth Who Have Been in Contact with the Youth Criminal Justice System: Summary Report. Report prepared for the  Department of Justice. Ottawa:  DOJ. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2022/jus/J22-41-2022-eng.pdf

Owusu-Bempah, A., & Luscombe, A. (2021). Race, cannabis and the Canadian war on drugs: An examination of cannabis arrest data by race in five cities. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 91, 102937–102937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102937

Pan-Canadian Health Inequalities Data Tool, 2017 Edition. A joint initiative of the Public Health Agency of Canada, the Pan - Canadian Public Health Network, Statistics Canada and the Canadian Institute of Health Information.

Paperny, A. (2017). Exclusive: New data shows race disparities in Canada's bail system. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-jails-race-exclusive-idUSKBN1CO2RD/

Parent, R. (2007). Crisis intervention: The police response to vulnerable individuals. The Police Journal, 80, 109-116.

Plant, E. A., Goplen, J., and Kunstman, J. W. (2011). Selective responses to threat: the roles of race and gender in decisions to shoot. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 37, 1274–1281. doi: 10.1177/0146167211408617

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2020). Social determinants and inequities in health for Black Canadians: A  Snapshot. Available:  https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health/social-determinants-inequities-Black-canadians-snapshot/health-inequities-Black-canadians.pdf

Saghbini, C., & Paquin-Marseille, L. (2023). Black People in Criminal Courts in Canada: An Exploration Using the Relative Rate Index. Available: https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/rrbb-bbrr/index.html.

Samuels-Wortley, K. (2022). Youthful discretion: Police selection bias in access to pre-charge diversion programs in Canada. Race and Justice, 12 (2), 387-410.

Singh, I. (2020). “2020 already a particularly deadly year for people killed in police encounters, CBC research shows: CBC’s Deadly Force database looks at role of race, mental health in deaths”. CBC News. Available: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/features/2020/fatalpoliceencounters/.

Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights (2019). Interim report: Study on the human rights of federally-sentences persons: the most basic human right is being treated as a human being (1 February 2017-26 March 2018). Canadian Senate. https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/421/RIDR/Reports/RIDR_Report_Prisioners_e.pdf

Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security. (2021a). Systemic Racism in Policing in Canada (43rd Parliament, 2nd Session). House  of Commons Canada. https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/432/SECU/Reports/RP11434998/securp06/securp06-e.pdf

Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights. (2021b). Human Rights of Federally-Sentenced Persons. Ottawa, ON: Senate. https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/432/RIDR/reports/2021-06-16_FederallySentenced_e.pdf

Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population. Custom tabulation.

Tarasuk V., & Mitchell A. (2020) Household food insecurity in Canada, 2017-18. Toronto: Research to identify policy options to reduce food insecurity (PROOF). Retrieved from https://proof.utoronto.ca/

University of Oregon. (2023). What is Cultural Humility? The Basics. https://inclusion.uoregon.edu/what- cultural-humility- basics#:~:text=Cultural%20Humility%20Is%3A,own%20beliefs%20and%20cultural%20identities)

Weitzer, R. (2000). White, Black, or blue cops? Race and citizen assessments of police officers. Journalof Criminal Justice, 28: 313-324.

Williams, M. Y. (2013). African Nova Scotian restorative justice: A change has gotta come. Dalhousie Law Journal, 36 (2), 419–459.

Williams, D.R., & Wyatt, R. (2015) Racial bias in health care and health: challenges and opportunities. Jama;314 (6):555-6.

Wortley, S. & Jung, M. (2020). Racial Disparity in Arrests and Charges: An analysis of arrest and charge data from the Toronto Police Service. Ontario Human Rights Commission.